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What makes a chef stand out? Neil Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil. Becca And I'm Becca. Do you enjoy cooking, Neil? Neil Yes, I do enjoy cooking. I think it's quite relaxing, especially after a busy day. How about you, Becca? Becca I enjoy cooking when I'm feeding other people, but usually after a busy day at work, I don't enjoy cooking for myself. Neil Well, we're talking about cooking today, and most of us can at least boil an egg, but not everyone could make it as a professional chef in a world-famous restaurant. Becca Mmm. Being a top chef requires passion, dedication, and hard work. Many chefs work 15 hours a day, six days a week, and busy kitchens cooking expensive food are very stressful places to work. Neil So, why do they do it? In this episode, we'll hear from one South African chef who started her own award-winning restaurant in the country known as the home of fine dining – France. As usual, we'll be learning some useful new words and phrases. Becca But first, I have a question for you, Neil. The top prizes for any professional chef are Michelin stars, awards given to restaurants offering outstanding cooking. But who is the winner of the most Michelin stars ever? Is it: a) Italian chef Enrico Bartolini, b) French chef Joël Robuchon, or c) British chef Gordon Ramsay? Neil I'm going to say a) the Italian chef Enrico Bartolini, because I went to Italy recently and the food was amazing! Becca Mmm! OK. We'll find out the answer later in this episode. Born in South Africa, chef Chantel Dartnall started her culinary career at a three-Michelin-star restaurant in the exclusive Mayfair area of London. Here, she tells Ruth Alexander, presenter of BBC World Service programme The Food Chain, how it all got started: Chantel Dartnall What happened is I had graduated from the Prue Leith College of Food and Wine and decided to send my CV to all the three-Michelin-star restaurants that I could find at that moment in the Michelin Guide. Ruth Alexander So, you aimed high from the off. Chantel Dartnall I aimed high. The only thing that they could say was no, and what would I lose? I received a call from chef Paul Rhodes to say, "When can you start?" Ruth Alexander Wow. Chantel Dartnall And this, sort of, just catapulted my career. Becca Chantel sent her CV to the world's top restaurants. CV is short for curriculum vitae, a document listing someone's education, qualifications and work experience, which they write when looking for a job. In American English, it's called a résumé. Neil Chantel applied to only Michelin-star-winning restaurants. She aimed high, meaning she was ambitious. Chantel says, "The worst they could do is say no," a phrase which means you shouldn't be afraid of trying to do something because the worst outcome is being rejected. Becca Luckily for Chantel, the answer was yes, and learning her trade in a top London restaurant catapulted, meaning accelerated, her career. Neil At the age of 26, Chantel left London and returned home to open her own restaurant, Mosaic, near Pretoria in South Africa. She'd been inspired by botanical cuisine, the use of edible flowers and herbs to decorate and flavour food. Here, Chantel tells more to BBC World Service programme The Food Chain: Chantel Dartnall When I opened Mosaic in South Africa, I knew I wanted something entirely different and something which diners had not seen. I wanted to have my own signature and to stand out, and I think especially for botanical cuisine in South Africa, it was very much unknown. Neil Chantel developed her own signature. A signature item is something that is typical of, or strongly associated with, a particular person or place. For example, whisky is Scotland's signature drink. Chantel's signature is cooking botanical food. Becca Chantel's Mosaic restaurant is currently at the Château des Tesnières in northern France, where it's listed among the top 200 restaurants in the world. And in 2017, she won the title Best Female Chef in the World. These achievements have helped Chantel stand out – to be more noticeable and better than other chefs. Neil Chantel is still waiting, but surely it's only a matter of time until she wins those coveted Michelin stars. Speaking of which, what was the answer to your question, Becca? Becca Ah, yes, I asked you earlier, "Who is the winner of the most Michelin stars ever?" Neil I said that it was the Italian chef Enrico Bartolini... Becca ...but unfortunately, it was incorrect. Neil Oh no! Becca The right answer is b) Joël Robuchon, our French chef with 31 stars – the most decorated chef in history. OK. Let's recap the vocabulary we've learned, starting with curriculum vitae, CV, or résumé in American English – a document outlining someone's education, qualifications and work experience, which they prepare when looking for a job. 📝 字数限制，完整文本、词汇表、翻译及pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】

What makes a chef stand out? Neil Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil. Becca And I'm Becca. Do you enjoy cooking, Neil? Neil Yes, I do enjoy cooking. I think it's quite relaxing, especially after a busy day. How about you, Becca? Becca I enjoy cooking when I'm feeding other people, but usually after a busy day at work, I don't enjoy cooking for myself. Neil Well, we're talking about cooking today, and most of us can at least boil an egg, but not everyone could make it as a professional chef in a world-famous restaurant. Becca Mmm. Being a top chef requires passion, dedication, and hard work. Many chefs work 15 hours a day, six days a week, and busy kitchens cooking expensive food are very stressful places to work. Neil So, why do they do it? In this episode, we'll hear from one South African chef who started her own award-winning restaurant in the country known as the home of fine dining – France. As usual, we'll be learning some useful new words and phrases. Becca But first, I have a question for you, Neil. The top prizes for any professional chef are Michelin stars, awards given to restaurants offering outstanding cooking. But who is the winner of the most Michelin stars ever? Is it: a) Italian chef Enrico Bartolini, b) French chef Joël Robuchon, or c) British chef Gordon Ramsay? Neil I'm going to say a) the Italian chef Enrico Bartolini, because I went to Italy recently and the food was amazing! Becca Mmm! OK. We'll find out the answer later in this episode. Born in South Africa, chef Chantel Dartnall started her culinary career at a three-Michelin-star restaurant in the exclusive Mayfair area of London. Here, she tells Ruth Alexander, presenter of BBC World Service programme The Food Chain, how it all got started: Chantel Dartnall What happened is I had graduated from the Prue Leith College of Food and Wine and decided to send my CV to all the three-Michelin-star restaurants that I could find at that moment in the Michelin Guide. Ruth Alexander So, you aimed high from the off. Chantel Dartnall I aimed high. The only thing that they could say was no, and what would I lose? I received a call from chef Paul Rhodes to say, "When can you start?" Ruth Alexander Wow. Chantel Dartnall And this, sort of, just catapulted my career. Becca Chantel sent her CV to the world's top restaurants. CV is short for curriculum vitae, a document listing someone's education, qualifications and work experience, which they write when looking for a job. In American English, it's called a résumé. Neil Chantel applied to only Michelin-star-winning restaurants. She aimed high, meaning she was ambitious. Chantel says, "The worst they could do is say no," a phrase which means you shouldn't be afraid of trying to do something because the worst outcome is being rejected. Becca Luckily for Chantel, the answer was yes, and learning her trade in a top London restaurant catapulted, meaning accelerated, her career. Neil At the age of 26, Chantel left London and returned home to open her own restaurant, Mosaic, near Pretoria in South Africa. She'd been inspired by botanical cuisine, the use of edible flowers and herbs to decorate and flavour food. Here, Chantel tells more to BBC World Service programme The Food Chain: Chantel Dartnall When I opened Mosaic in South Africa, I knew I wanted something entirely different and something which diners had not seen. I wanted to have my own signature and to stand out, and I think especially for botanical cuisine in South Africa, it was very much unknown. Neil Chantel developed her own signature. A signature item is something that is typical of, or strongly associated with, a particular person or place. For example, whisky is Scotland's signature drink. Chantel's signature is cooking botanical food. Becca Chantel's Mosaic restaurant is currently at the Château des Tesnières in northern France, where it's listed among the top 200 restaurants in the world. And in 2017, she won the title Best Female Chef in the World. These achievements have helped Chantel stand out – to be more noticeable and better than other chefs. Neil Chantel is still waiting, but surely it's only a matter of time until she wins those coveted Michelin stars. Speaking of which, what was the answer to your question, Becca? Becca Ah, yes, I asked you earlier, "Who is the winner of the most Michelin stars ever?" Neil I said that it was the Italian chef Enrico Bartolini... Becca ...but unfortunately, it was incorrect. Neil Oh no! Becca The right answer is b) Joël Robuchon, our French chef with 31 stars – the most decorated chef in history. OK. Let's recap the vocabulary we've learned, starting with curriculum vitae, CV, or résumé in American English – a document outlining someone's education, qualifications and work experience, which they prepare when looking for a job. 📝 字数限制，完整文本、词汇表、翻译及pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】

Second-screening? You're not alone OK, I'm not proud of it, but sometimes when I'm watching TV, I might not actually be watching. Sometimes I'm just more tempted by my phone. Be honest, do you do the same? If you do, then we're not alone, lots of us watch TV with our phones in our hands. How is TV changing to accommodate this? Let's start by looking at the data. Studies have investigated different countries across the world and many of them reported that most people use their phone while watching TV. While the classic stereotype is that it's younger people who find it hard to put their phone down, the data actually shows that second-screening is common in most age groups under 55. Younger age groups are more likely to be looking at social media or food delivery apps, while older age groups prefer banking, e-commerce and travel. How are producers dealing with this? A number of screenwriters have reported being told that they need to make programmes easier to follow for distracted viewers. Reports say that showrunners have asked for more exposition in dialogue, repetition of plot points and increased use of voice-over to make things clearer for those who aren't looking. Some critics and viewers have complained that this could be making series less complex and dialogue less natural. Second screens are not the only reason that these things happen. Television drama writing developed from radio drama writing, which has to use dialogue to compensate for the lack of visuals. When books are adapted for TV or film, one challenge is how to tell the whole story with less narration. All this means that exposition has often been a feature of TV writing. As series became more prestigious and cinematic since the early 2000s, this clear signposting of plot points had become less common. Of course, TV viewers and TV programmes are not all the same. There is space for both casual and more complex programmes. Maybe the most important thing is for us to remember when to put our phones down. 词汇表 be tempted by [ˈtemptɪd] 被…诱惑，忍不住想 accommodate [əˈkɒmədeɪt] vt. 适应，顺应（新情况） stereotype [ˈsteriətaɪp] n. 刻板印象，成见 second-screening [ˈsekən ˈskriːnɪŋ] n. 第二屏幕（看电视、电影等主屏幕时同时使用手机等第二设备的行为） e-commerce [ˈiː kɒmɜːs] n. 电子商务 screenwriter [ˈskriːnraɪtə(r)] n. 编剧，剧本作家 distracted viewer [dɪˈstræktɪd ˈvjuːə(r)] 分心的观众，不专注的观众 showrunner [ˈʃəʊrʌnə(r)] n. 制片人，剧集主管，节目统筹 exposition [ˌekspəˈzɪʃn] n. （戏剧、电影中的）背景说明，情节交代 plot point [plɒt] 情节关键点，剧情转折点 voice-over [ˈvɔɪs əʊvə(r)] n. 旁白，画外音 critic [ˈkrɪtɪk] n. 评论家，批评者 drama writing 剧本创作，戏剧创作 visual [ˈvɪʒuəl] n. 视觉画面，视觉元素 narration [nəˈreɪʃn] n. （影视的）解说，旁白 prestigious [preˈstɪdʒəs] adj. 有声望的，精良的 cinematic [ˌsɪnəˈmætɪk] adj. 电影般的，有电影质感的 signposting [ˈsaɪnpəʊstɪŋ] n. （情节）提示，指引，预示 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Second-screening? You're not alone OK, I'm not proud of it, but sometimes when I'm watching TV, I might not actually be watching. Sometimes I'm just more tempted by my phone. Be honest, do you do the same? If you do, then we're not alone, lots of us watch TV with our phones in our hands. How is TV changing to accommodate this? Let's start by looking at the data. Studies have investigated different countries across the world and many of them reported that most people use their phone while watching TV. While the classic stereotype is that it's younger people who find it hard to put their phone down, the data actually shows that second-screening is common in most age groups under 55. Younger age groups are more likely to be looking at social media or food delivery apps, while older age groups prefer banking, e-commerce and travel. How are producers dealing with this? A number of screenwriters have reported being told that they need to make programmes easier to follow for distracted viewers. Reports say that showrunners have asked for more exposition in dialogue, repetition of plot points and increased use of voice-over to make things clearer for those who aren't looking. Some critics and viewers have complained that this could be making series less complex and dialogue less natural. Second screens are not the only reason that these things happen. Television drama writing developed from radio drama writing, which has to use dialogue to compensate for the lack of visuals. When books are adapted for TV or film, one challenge is how to tell the whole story with less narration. All this means that exposition has often been a feature of TV writing. As series became more prestigious and cinematic since the early 2000s, this clear signposting of plot points had become less common. Of course, TV viewers and TV programmes are not all the same. There is space for both casual and more complex programmes. Maybe the most important thing is for us to remember when to put our phones down. 词汇表 be tempted by [ˈtemptɪd] 被…诱惑，忍不住想 accommodate [əˈkɒmədeɪt] vt. 适应，顺应（新情况） stereotype [ˈsteriətaɪp] n. 刻板印象，成见 second-screening [ˈsekən ˈskriːnɪŋ] n. 第二屏幕（看电视、电影等主屏幕时同时使用手机等第二设备的行为） e-commerce [ˈiː kɒmɜːs] n. 电子商务 screenwriter [ˈskriːnraɪtə(r)] n. 编剧，剧本作家 distracted viewer [dɪˈstræktɪd ˈvjuːə(r)] 分心的观众，不专注的观众 showrunner [ˈʃəʊrʌnə(r)] n. 制片人，剧集主管，节目统筹 exposition [ˌekspəˈzɪʃn] n. （戏剧、电影中的）背景说明，情节交代 plot point [plɒt] 情节关键点，剧情转折点 voice-over [ˈvɔɪs əʊvə(r)] n. 旁白，画外音 critic [ˈkrɪtɪk] n. 评论家，批评者 drama writing 剧本创作，戏剧创作 visual [ˈvɪʒuəl] n. 视觉画面，视觉元素 narration [nəˈreɪʃn] n. （影视的）解说，旁白 prestigious [preˈstɪdʒəs] adj. 有声望的，精良的 cinematic [ˌsɪnəˈmætɪk] adj. 电影般的，有电影质感的 signposting [ˈsaɪnpəʊstɪŋ] n. （情节）提示，指引，预示 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

At what age do we feel the most lonely? How lonely are you? Sometimes living alone or being in a remote location with nobody around to talk to can give you the feeling of despair and isolation. It's not a great feeling. There's a common stereotype that it's something that affects older people more, but research has found that loneliness is something that can affect us all, whatever our age. There's a familiar phrase that says it's possible to be lonely in a crowd – despite being surrounded by hundreds of people, you think you have nobody to talk to or to connect with and that nobody wants to listen to you anyway. It's probably not true, but loneliness is seen as a big problem for the mental health of the population wherever they live - so much so that the British government even has a minister for loneliness. The BBC recently completed a survey about the topic and it found that people aged between 16 and 24 experience loneliness more often and more intensely than any other age group. Researchers from the University of Manchester who analysed the data, suggested feeling lonely may plague the young because it's a time of identity change - figuring out your place in the world and of learning to regulate emotions. Psychology lecturer and BBC presenter Claudia Hammond says that "it's tempting to conclude that something about modern life is putting young people at a higher risk of loneliness, but when we asked older people in our survey about the loneliest times in their lives, they also said it was when they were young." The issue is certainly being talked about more. And in the UK, the Minister for Loneliness Tracey Crouch has said that "the government now recognises loneliness as one of the biggest health challenges we face." She also said there needs to be a "national conversation" to end the stigma about admitting to feeling lonely. The BBC Loneliness Experiment also found the type of culture you live in has implications for loneliness. People from cultures which tend to put a high value on independence, such as Northern Europe and the US, revealed they would be less likely to tell a colleague about their loneliness. But in cultures where extended family is often emphasised, such as in Southern Europe, Latin America, Asia and Africa, older women in particular were at lower risk of feeling lonely. 词汇表 despair [dɪˈspeə(r)] n. 绝望，失望 isolation [ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃn] n. 孤立，隔离，隔绝 stereotype [ˈsteriətaɪp] n. 刻板印象，成见 be lonely in a crowd 身处人群，却倍感孤独 minister for loneliness [ˈmɪnɪstə(r)] 孤独事务大臣 intensely [ɪnˈtensli] adv. 强烈地，极度地 plague [pleɪɡ] vt. 困扰，折磨，使苦恼 identity change [aɪˈdentəti] 身份转变，身份认同变化 regulate emotions [ˈreɡjuleɪt ɪˈməʊʃnz] 调节情绪 be tempting to [ˈtemptɪŋ] 倾向于，容易会，忍不住想要 national conversation 全国性对话，全民讨论 stigma [ˈstɪɡmə] n. 羞耻感，耻辱，污名 implication [ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn] n. 可能的影响，牵连，涉及 independence [ˌɪndɪˈpendəns] n. 独立，自主 extended family [ɪkˈstendɪd] （几代同堂的）大家庭，扩展家庭 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

At what age do we feel the most lonely? How lonely are you? Sometimes living alone or being in a remote location with nobody around to talk to can give you the feeling of despair and isolation. It's not a great feeling. There's a common stereotype that it's something that affects older people more, but research has found that loneliness is something that can affect us all, whatever our age. There's a familiar phrase that says it's possible to be lonely in a crowd – despite being surrounded by hundreds of people, you think you have nobody to talk to or to connect with and that nobody wants to listen to you anyway. It's probably not true, but loneliness is seen as a big problem for the mental health of the population wherever they live - so much so that the British government even has a minister for loneliness. The BBC recently completed a survey about the topic and it found that people aged between 16 and 24 experience loneliness more often and more intensely than any other age group. Researchers from the University of Manchester who analysed the data, suggested feeling lonely may plague the young because it's a time of identity change - figuring out your place in the world and of learning to regulate emotions. Psychology lecturer and BBC presenter Claudia Hammond says that "it's tempting to conclude that something about modern life is putting young people at a higher risk of loneliness, but when we asked older people in our survey about the loneliest times in their lives, they also said it was when they were young." The issue is certainly being talked about more. And in the UK, the Minister for Loneliness Tracey Crouch has said that "the government now recognises loneliness as one of the biggest health challenges we face." She also said there needs to be a "national conversation" to end the stigma about admitting to feeling lonely. The BBC Loneliness Experiment also found the type of culture you live in has implications for loneliness. People from cultures which tend to put a high value on independence, such as Northern Europe and the US, revealed they would be less likely to tell a colleague about their loneliness. But in cultures where extended family is often emphasised, such as in Southern Europe, Latin America, Asia and Africa, older women in particular were at lower risk of feeling lonely. 词汇表 despair [dɪˈspeə(r)] n. 绝望，失望 isolation [ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃn] n. 孤立，隔离，隔绝 stereotype [ˈsteriətaɪp] n. 刻板印象，成见 be lonely in a crowd 身处人群，却倍感孤独 minister for loneliness [ˈmɪnɪstə(r)] 孤独事务大臣 intensely [ɪnˈtensli] adv. 强烈地，极度地 plague [pleɪɡ] vt. 困扰，折磨，使苦恼 identity change [aɪˈdentəti] 身份转变，身份认同变化 regulate emotions [ˈreɡjuleɪt ɪˈməʊʃnz] 调节情绪 be tempting to [ˈtemptɪŋ] 倾向于，容易会，忍不住想要 national conversation 全国性对话，全民讨论 stigma [ˈstɪɡmə] n. 羞耻感，耻辱，污名 implication [ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn] n. 可能的影响，牵连，涉及 independence [ˌɪndɪˈpendəns] n. 独立，自主 extended family [ɪkˈstendɪd] （几代同堂的）大家庭，扩展家庭 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Why girls outperform boys in school exams Around the world, girls do better than boys at school. These are the findings of a recent study that looked at the test results of 1.5 million 15-year-olds in 74 regions across the globe. The level of gender equality in those regions made no difference to the results. Other factors, such as the income level of the region also had little impact on the findings. In only three regions – Colombia, Costa Rica and the Indian state Himachal Pradesh – was the trend reversed with boys doing better. So what are the causes of girls' stronger performance? In the UK, girls outperform boys in exams that are taken at the age of 15 or 16, called GCSEs. According to education expert Ian Toone, this is down to the way girls and boys are brought up. "Boys are encouraged to be more active from an early age, whereas the restless movements of baby girls are pacified… Hence, girls develop the skill of sitting still for longer periods of time, which is useful for academic pursuits like studying for GCSEs." He goes on to say that boys often cluster together in larger groups than girls. Because of this they are more likely to be influenced by peer pressure and develop a gang mentality. He says that GCSEs require a lot of solo work and are not viewed as 'cool' in a laddish culture. This is backed up by research in the UK that says girls are out-performing boys at the age of five. So what is the answer? Should girls and boys be educated separately? Or do exams and school curricula need to be changed to better reflect boys' skills? These are the questions facing educators in many countries. 词汇表 gender equality [ˈdʒendər iˈkwɒləti] 性别平等，男女平等 income level 收入水平 the trend reversed [trend rɪˈvɜːst] 趋势逆转，情况反转 outperform [ˌaʊtpəˈfɔː(r)m] vt. 表现优于，胜过，超过 GCSE abbr. 普通中等教育证书（General Certificate of Secondary Education，英国学生16岁左右参加的考试） be down to 归因于，由…造成 bring up 养育，抚养，教育 restless [ˈrestləs] adj. 好动的，不安宁的，坐立不安的 pacify [ˈpæsɪfaɪ] vt. 安抚，使平静，平息 sit still 静坐，坐着不动 academic pursuit [ˌækəˈdemɪk pəˈsjuːt] 学业，学术追求 cluster together [ˈklʌstə(r)] 聚集在一起，成群结队 peer pressure [pɪə(r)] 同伴压力，同辈压力，同龄人压力 gang mentality [ɡæŋ menˈtæləti] 帮派心态，团伙心理 solo [ˈsəʊləʊ] adj.单独的，独自的 laddish culture [ˈlædɪʃ]（英国俚语）哥们文化，小伙子文化 back up 支持，证实，为…提供证据 school curricula [kəˈrɪkjʊlə] 学校课程（curriculum的复数形式） 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Why girls outperform boys in school exams Around the world, girls do better than boys at school. These are the findings of a recent study that looked at the test results of 1.5 million 15-year-olds in 74 regions across the globe. The level of gender equality in those regions made no difference to the results. Other factors, such as the income level of the region also had little impact on the findings. In only three regions – Colombia, Costa Rica and the Indian state Himachal Pradesh – was the trend reversed with boys doing better. So what are the causes of girls' stronger performance? In the UK, girls outperform boys in exams that are taken at the age of 15 or 16, called GCSEs. According to education expert Ian Toone, this is down to the way girls and boys are brought up. "Boys are encouraged to be more active from an early age, whereas the restless movements of baby girls are pacified… Hence, girls develop the skill of sitting still for longer periods of time, which is useful for academic pursuits like studying for GCSEs." He goes on to say that boys often cluster together in larger groups than girls. Because of this they are more likely to be influenced by peer pressure and develop a gang mentality. He says that GCSEs require a lot of solo work and are not viewed as 'cool' in a laddish culture. This is backed up by research in the UK that says girls are out-performing boys at the age of five. So what is the answer? Should girls and boys be educated separately? Or do exams and school curricula need to be changed to better reflect boys' skills? These are the questions facing educators in many countries. 词汇表 gender equality [ˈdʒendər iˈkwɒləti] 性别平等，男女平等 income level 收入水平 the trend reversed [trend rɪˈvɜːst] 趋势逆转，情况反转 outperform [ˌaʊtpəˈfɔː(r)m] vt. 表现优于，胜过，超过 GCSE abbr. 普通中等教育证书（General Certificate of Secondary Education，英国学生16岁左右参加的考试） be down to 归因于，由…造成 bring up 养育，抚养，教育 restless [ˈrestləs] adj. 好动的，不安宁的，坐立不安的 pacify [ˈpæsɪfaɪ] vt. 安抚，使平静，平息 sit still 静坐，坐着不动 academic pursuit [ˌækəˈdemɪk pəˈsjuːt] 学业，学术追求 cluster together [ˈklʌstə(r)] 聚集在一起，成群结队 peer pressure [pɪə(r)] 同伴压力，同辈压力，同龄人压力 gang mentality [ɡæŋ menˈtæləti] 帮派心态，团伙心理 solo [ˈsəʊləʊ] adj.单独的，独自的 laddish culture [ˈlædɪʃ]（英国俚语）哥们文化，小伙子文化 back up 支持，证实，为…提供证据 school curricula [kəˈrɪkjʊlə] 学校课程（curriculum的复数形式） 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

How to scientifically spot a genuine smile They're not the same, are they? The smiles you see when you meet your friends and family compared with what you see from salespeople trying to get you to buy something or management consultants pretending that the bad news they're giving you is actually good news. How can we tell that someone really means it when they're smiling? There are physical differences between types of smiles. 19th Century French neurologist, Guillaume Duchenne, spotted that there are two sets of muscles that are used for smiling. Unsurprisingly, one set of muscles moves the corners of your mouth. The other tightens the skin around your eyes. He noticed that only genuine smiles triggered the muscles around the eyes, leading a real smile to be named a Duchenne smile. Later research suggests that there are two pathways to triggering these sets of muscles. Those that are around the mouth can be set off voluntarily, while those around the eyes are triggered involuntarily and almost always by our emotions. A genuine smile has certain physical signs. Typically, if a smile is real, then people's cheeks are pulled up, the skin under their eyes bulges, and crow's feet can be seen at the corners of their eyes. Smiles that aren't genuine often disappear suddenly rather than fading gradually. These fake smiles are not caused by emotions, but they can get mixed with signs of the emotions that someone is genuinely feeling, like a wrinkled forehead caused by worry. Even ten-month-old-babies have shown that they can identify a real smile. It may be that we have evolved to spot genuine emotion. There's clearly a benefit in being able to identify who to trust, and who may be trying to deceive us. That's not to say that fake smiles are always a problem. They can help to smooth over difficult situations and maintain politeness. But there are times when it's good to know that a smile really means something. 词汇表 salespeople [ˈseɪlzˌpiːp(ə)l] n. 售货员，推销员（salesperson的复数） management consultant [kənˈsʌltənt] 管理顾问，经营顾问 neurologist [njʊəˈrɒlədʒɪst] n. 神经学家，神经科医生 spot [spɒt] vt. 发现，认出，注意到 two sets of muscles [ˈmʌs(ə)lz] 两组肌肉 genuine [ˈdʒenjuɪn] adj. 真诚的，真实的，真心的 trigger [ˈtrɪɡə(r)] vt. 触发，引起，牵动 Duchenne smile [djuːˈʃen] 迪谢纳微笑（真心微笑，涉及眼周肌肉的牵动） pathway [ˈpɑːθweɪ] n. （神经）通路，路径 voluntarily [ˈvɒləntrəli] adv. 自发地，有意识地 involuntarily [ɪnˈvɒləntrəli] adv. 不由自主地，无意识地 cheek [tʃiːk] n. 脸颊，面颊 pull up 使上扬，拉起，提起 bulge [bʌldʒ] vi. 鼓起，凸出，膨胀 crow's feet [ˈkrəʊz fiːt] n. 鱼尾纹（眼角的皱纹） wrinkled [ˈrɪŋk(ə)ld] adj. 有皱纹的，起皱的 forehead [ˈfɔːhed] n. 额头，前额 evolve [ɪˈvɒlv] vi. 进化，演变，逐步发展 deceive [dɪˈsiːv] vt. 欺骗，蒙骗 smooth over 缓和，调解，平息（矛盾或情绪） 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

How to scientifically spot a genuine smile They're not the same, are they? The smiles you see when you meet your friends and family compared with what you see from salespeople trying to get you to buy something or management consultants pretending that the bad news they're giving you is actually good news. How can we tell that someone really means it when they're smiling? There are physical differences between types of smiles. 19th Century French neurologist, Guillaume Duchenne, spotted that there are two sets of muscles that are used for smiling. Unsurprisingly, one set of muscles moves the corners of your mouth. The other tightens the skin around your eyes. He noticed that only genuine smiles triggered the muscles around the eyes, leading a real smile to be named a Duchenne smile. Later research suggests that there are two pathways to triggering these sets of muscles. Those that are around the mouth can be set off voluntarily, while those around the eyes are triggered involuntarily and almost always by our emotions. A genuine smile has certain physical signs. Typically, if a smile is real, then people's cheeks are pulled up, the skin under their eyes bulges, and crow's feet can be seen at the corners of their eyes. Smiles that aren't genuine often disappear suddenly rather than fading gradually. These fake smiles are not caused by emotions, but they can get mixed with signs of the emotions that someone is genuinely feeling, like a wrinkled forehead caused by worry. Even ten-month-old-babies have shown that they can identify a real smile. It may be that we have evolved to spot genuine emotion. There's clearly a benefit in being able to identify who to trust, and who may be trying to deceive us. That's not to say that fake smiles are always a problem. They can help to smooth over difficult situations and maintain politeness. But there are times when it's good to know that a smile really means something. 词汇表 salespeople [ˈseɪlzˌpiːp(ə)l] n. 售货员，推销员（salesperson的复数） management consultant [kənˈsʌltənt] 管理顾问，经营顾问 neurologist [njʊəˈrɒlədʒɪst] n. 神经学家，神经科医生 spot [spɒt] vt. 发现，认出，注意到 two sets of muscles [ˈmʌs(ə)lz] 两组肌肉 genuine [ˈdʒenjuɪn] adj. 真诚的，真实的，真心的 trigger [ˈtrɪɡə(r)] vt. 触发，引起，牵动 Duchenne smile [djuːˈʃen] 迪谢纳微笑（真心微笑，涉及眼周肌肉的牵动） pathway [ˈpɑːθweɪ] n. （神经）通路，路径 voluntarily [ˈvɒləntrəli] adv. 自发地，有意识地 involuntarily [ɪnˈvɒləntrəli] adv. 不由自主地，无意识地 cheek [tʃiːk] n. 脸颊，面颊 pull up 使上扬，拉起，提起 bulge [bʌldʒ] vi. 鼓起，凸出，膨胀 crow's feet [ˈkrəʊz fiːt] n. 鱼尾纹（眼角的皱纹） wrinkled [ˈrɪŋk(ə)ld] adj. 有皱纹的，起皱的 forehead [ˈfɔːhed] n. 额头，前额 evolve [ɪˈvɒlv] vi. 进化，演变，逐步发展 deceive [dɪˈsiːv] vt. 欺骗，蒙骗 smooth over 缓和，调解，平息（矛盾或情绪） 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Why we procrastinate Is your house at its tidiest when you've got a deadline coming up? Do you have a list of jobs that you really need to do, but you really don't want to start doing? Procrastination can mean that we spend more time putting off a job than we'd ever actually spend completing it. Understanding why we do it might help us to understand how to stop doing it. There are different reasons why people procrastinate. Some people avoid tasks if they can relate them to traumatic situations in their past. Sometimes we don't do certain tasks because we're swamped with other things. If people are unhappy about being asked to do something, they might put it off to feel like they are regaining some control. Another common reason for procrastination is just the worry that doing something will be unpleasant or that we will not be able to do it well enough to satisfy ourselves. This last kind of procrastination can be a result of our mindset. People with a perfectionist mindset are likely to have a very rigid idea of what success in a task looks like. This is coupled with being anxious not to fail at that task. Psychology lecturer Annemiecke Apergis-Schoute points out that procrastination can be the result of a struggle between our brain's reward and threat systems. If the threat of failure or discomfort is greater than the potential reward from doing the task, we're likely to avoid it. Cognitive flexibility could help us to avoid procrastinating. If we change the way that we think about a task, it can be easier to start working on it. If we can challenge our expectation of what succeeding could be, and how uncomfortable working on the task will be, it can seem less threatening. Breaking down tasks into small components also makes them less daunting as well as providing a feeling of achievement when each of these steps is completed. It can also be useful to consider what triggers procrastination for you. Having a better understanding of this can help you get things done. 词汇表 procrastinate [prəʊˈkræstɪneɪt] vi. 拖延，耽搁 procrastination [prəʊˌkræstɪˈneɪʃn] n. 拖延，拖延症 put off 推迟，拖延 traumatic [trɔːˈmætɪk] adj. 痛苦的，创伤性的 be swamped with [ˈswɒmpt] 忙得不可开交，应接不暇 regain [rɪˈɡeɪn] vt. 重新获得，恢复 mindset [ˈmaɪndset] n. 思维模式，心态 perfectionist [pəˈfekʃənɪst] n. 完美主义者 rigid [ˈrɪdʒɪd] adj. 刻板的，僵化的，顽固的 be coupled with [ˈkʌpld] 与…结合，加上，伴随 reward and threat systems 奖赏与威胁系统 discomfort [dɪsˈkʌmfət] n. 不适，不自在，不舒服 cognitive flexibility [ˈkɒɡnətɪv ˌfleksəˈbɪləti] 认知灵活性（大脑在不同任务、想法或策略之间快速切换的能力） threatening [ˈθretnɪŋ] adj. 威胁性的，令人生畏的 break down 分解，拆分 component [kəmˈpəʊnənt] n. 部分，成分，部件 daunting [ˈdɔːntɪŋ] adj. 令人生畏的，使人气馁的 trigger [ˈtrɪɡə] vt. 触发，引起 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Why we procrastinate Is your house at its tidiest when you've got a deadline coming up? Do you have a list of jobs that you really need to do, but you really don't want to start doing? Procrastination can mean that we spend more time putting off a job than we'd ever actually spend completing it. Understanding why we do it might help us to understand how to stop doing it. There are different reasons why people procrastinate. Some people avoid tasks if they can relate them to traumatic situations in their past. Sometimes we don't do certain tasks because we're swamped with other things. If people are unhappy about being asked to do something, they might put it off to feel like they are regaining some control. Another common reason for procrastination is just the worry that doing something will be unpleasant or that we will not be able to do it well enough to satisfy ourselves. This last kind of procrastination can be a result of our mindset. People with a perfectionist mindset are likely to have a very rigid idea of what success in a task looks like. This is coupled with being anxious not to fail at that task. Psychology lecturer Annemiecke Apergis-Schoute points out that procrastination can be the result of a struggle between our brain's reward and threat systems. If the threat of failure or discomfort is greater than the potential reward from doing the task, we're likely to avoid it. Cognitive flexibility could help us to avoid procrastinating. If we change the way that we think about a task, it can be easier to start working on it. If we can challenge our expectation of what succeeding could be, and how uncomfortable working on the task will be, it can seem less threatening. Breaking down tasks into small components also makes them less daunting as well as providing a feeling of achievement when each of these steps is completed. It can also be useful to consider what triggers procrastination for you. Having a better understanding of this can help you get things done. 词汇表 procrastinate [prəʊˈkræstɪneɪt] vi. 拖延，耽搁 procrastination [prəʊˌkræstɪˈneɪʃn] n. 拖延，拖延症 put off 推迟，拖延 traumatic [trɔːˈmætɪk] adj. 痛苦的，创伤性的 be swamped with [ˈswɒmpt] 忙得不可开交，应接不暇 regain [rɪˈɡeɪn] vt. 重新获得，恢复 mindset [ˈmaɪndset] n. 思维模式，心态 perfectionist [pəˈfekʃənɪst] n. 完美主义者 rigid [ˈrɪdʒɪd] adj. 刻板的，僵化的，顽固的 be coupled with [ˈkʌpld] 与…结合，加上，伴随 reward and threat systems 奖赏与威胁系统 discomfort [dɪsˈkʌmfət] n. 不适，不自在，不舒服 cognitive flexibility [ˈkɒɡnətɪv ˌfleksəˈbɪləti] 认知灵活性（大脑在不同任务、想法或策略之间快速切换的能力） threatening [ˈθretnɪŋ] adj. 威胁性的，令人生畏的 break down 分解，拆分 component [kəmˈpəʊnənt] n. 部分，成分，部件 daunting [ˈdɔːntɪŋ] adj. 令人生畏的，使人气馁的 trigger [ˈtrɪɡə] vt. 触发，引起 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】